From Operation Vijay to Operation Sindoor: India’s military operations against Pakistan have evolved

India has conducted at least ten major military operations in response to aggression or terrorism emanating from Pakistan, including Operation Trident (1971), Operation Vijay (1999), Operation Bandar (2019) and most recently, Operation Sindoor (2025). These have involved air, land and naval assets and reflect a steady evolution toward high-precision, targeted counterforce strategies

Explainers