Guarding the Canine Heart
Dr. Randhir Singh
The human-animal bond is profound, with dogs frequently regarded as family members. Similarly, heart disease poses a significant health concern for humans, and it is also emerging as a growing concern in veterinary medicine. Cardiac diseases in dogs are more prevalent than many pet owners acknowledge, particularly in elderly pets and certain breeds. If left undiagnosed or untreated, heart disease can severely diminish a dog’s quality of life and lifespan. However, with early detection, advanced diagnostic techniques, and appropriate management, dogs with heart disease can continue to live comfortable and fulfilling lives.
What is Canine Heart Disease?
Cardiac disease in dogs encompasses any condition that impairs the structure or function of the heart. These conditions can be broadly categorized into two main groups:
Congenital Heart Disease: These are structural heart defects present at birth. Although relatively uncommon, they encompass conditions such as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulmonic stenosis, and ventricular septal defects.
Acquired Heart Disease: These develop over time and are far more prevalent, particularly in older dogs. Common examples include degenerative valve disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, and heartworm-associated disease.
Each type of cardiac disease affects the heart differently, but all disrupt the organ’s ability to effectively pump blood, leading to a condition known as heart failure if left untreated.
Common Types of Canine Cardiac Disease
* Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease (DMVD): DMVD, also known as endocarditis or chronic valvular disease, is the most common heart condition in dogs, especially small to medium breeds like Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Dachshunds, and Poodles. The mitral valve degenerates and becomes leaky, allowing blood to flow backward and causing volume overload, heart enlargement, and failure.
* Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): DCM weakens and enlarges the heart muscle, especially in large breeds like Dobermans, Boxers, Great Danes, and Irish Wolfhounds. This weakens blood pumping, causing congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden death in severe cases.
* Heartworm Disease: Heartworm disease, caused by the parasite Dirofilaria immitis, is transmitted by mosquitoes. The worms lodge in the heart and pulmonary arteries, causing inflammation and obstruction, leading to heart failure. It’s prevalent globally and preventable through prophylaxis.
* Pericardial Effusion: This condition occurs when fluid accumulates in the sac surrounding the heart (pericardium), reducing cardiac output due to pressure hindering heart expansion. Various factors, including cancer, inflammation, or idiopathic conditions, can contribute to this condition.
Symptoms to Watch For
Unlike some acute illnesses, heart disease often develops gradually. Early signs can be subtle and easily overlooked as normal aging. Symptoms may include:
- Coughing, particularly at night or after exercise
- Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing while resting
- Exercise intolerance or lethargy
- Fainting or collapse
- Swollen abdomen due to fluid accumulation
- Weight loss or loss of appetite
- Weak pulses or pale gums.
Pet owners who notice any of these signs should seek veterinary attention promptly. Early detection can significantly improve the chances of a favourable outcome.
Diagnosing Heart Disease in Dogs
Veterinarians use various diagnostic tools to diagnose heart conditions:
- Auscultation: Listening with a stethoscope for murmurs or irregular heart rhythms.
- Chest X-rays: Visualizing the heart’s size and lung condition.
- Echocardiography: The gold standard for diagnosing structural heart disease, visualizing heart valves, chambers, and blood flow.
- ECG: Identifying abnormal heart rhythms.
- Blood Pressure Measurement and Biomarker Testing: Assessing cardiac stress and early or concealed heart disease.
Treatment and Management
Most heart diseases in dogs can’t be cured, but they can often be managed, extending their lifespan and improving their well-being. Medications like ACE inhibitors, diuretics, pimobendan, and antiarrhythmics are commonly used. Lifestyle changes, such as a low-sodium diet, controlled exercise, weight management, and regular follow-ups, are also essential. Dogs with cardiac disease often need frequent heart function, bloodwork, and blood pressure exams.
Prevention and Risk Reduction
Proactive measures can mitigate cardiac disease risk, including:
- Regular veterinary exams, especially for aging dogs.
- Regular heartworm prevention, especially in endemic regions.
- Genetic screening for breeds predisposed to specific conditions.
- A balanced diet, regular exercise, and weight management.
Although heart disease in dogs may not always be entirely preventable, it is certainly manageable. Through early detection, appropriate veterinary care, and proactive monitoring, numerous dogs with cardiac conditions continue to lead fulfilling and active lives. For pet owners, the key lies in awareness—understanding the signs, recognizing your dog’s risk factors, and collaborating with a reputable veterinarian.
“After all, dogs gives you their heart without hesitation. It’s only right we look after theirs in return”.
The author is a leading veterinary dialysis specialist & Assistant Professor (Vety. Medicine), Guru Angad Dev veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab.
Email: dr.randhirlo@gmail.com
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