The 5 Most Common Gynaecological Cancers: What Is Your Risk?

{By: Dr Prashanth Bagali)

Women’s health is often sidelined by socio-cultural factors, leading to a rippling effect on the well-being of families, communities, and future generations. This Women’s Health Awareness Month, let us encourage women to prioritise their health and wellness and build a more inclusive healthcare ecosystem.

From reproductive health concerns to specific chronic conditions, women face a variety of health challenges that require timely interventions and specialised care. One of the most common yet serious concerns is Gynaecological Cancers, which must be diagnosed early to avoid life-threatening risks. Awareness of the early symptoms is essential for ensuring timely intervention to save lives.

Gynaecological cancers include those affecting the breast, ovaries, uterus, cervix, vulva, fallopian tube, and endometrium, and are often preventable or treatable with early detection and regular consultation with gynaecologists and oncologists. However, women's cancers are often detected when it’s too late because there are either no obvious symptoms or a lack of awareness among women. In India, over 70% of women seek diagnosis and treatment when the disease is already advanced, resulting in high mortality rates.

Despite growing awareness, gynaecological health is often neglected and underdiscussed. Knowing your risk, understanding when to seek medical advice, and taking action at the right time is the key to taking charge of your health. Here’s a list of gynaecological cancers and how you can identify and prevent them through timely action.

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1. Cervical Cancer

It is one of India's most deadly gynaecological cancers, with over 1,22,000 new cases reported annually. The symptoms of cervical cancer include abnormal bleeding between periods, after intercourse, or post-menopause. The primary risk factor is persistent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and other contributing factors such as early sexual activity, multiple partners, and smoking. Cervical cancer is highly preventable through regular screening, including pap smears from age 21, combined with regular screening for women above the age of 30, and vaccination preferably under the age of 15 years. In India, HPV vaccination guidelines recommend a 2-dose schedule for girls aged 9 to 14 years. 

2. Ovarian Cancer

Often called the ‘silent killer’, ovarian cancer typically develops without noticeable symptoms until advanced. It is India's third most common gynaecological cancer, with risk factors including a family history of ovarian or breast cancer and BRCA genetic mutations. With no routine screening, vigilance is key; one should consult a doctor for persistent abdominal discomfort, bloating, or changes in bowel habits, especially with a history of cancers in the 1^st degree family members that include mother, sister, maternal aunt, maternal grandmother.

3. Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer

Affecting the uterine lining, Endometrial cancer is most diagnosed around menopause. Risk factors include obesity, hormone imbalances, diabetes, and family history. Regular check-ups should begin as menopause approaches at late 40s or early 50s. One should report any unusual vaginal bleeding or spotting during pre-menopause periods, to their doctor promptly, as early detection significantly improves outcomes.

4. Fallopian Tube Cancer

Though rare, this cancer warrants attention, particularly for women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations or a strong family history. Early detection of Fallopian Tube Cancer is challenging due to vague symptoms like persistent abdominal pain or bloating. While no standard screening exists, women at higher genetic risk should consult a healthcare provider or family doctor about any unexplained symptoms in their reproductive organs.

5. Vaginal Cancer

Often related to HPV infection or a history of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, vaginal cancer might be symptom-free in early stages. However, warning signs can include bleeding following menopause or intercourse, painful intercourse, strange discharge, ongoing itching, or frequent painful urination. Annual gynaecologic exams, such as pelvic examination, are key to early discovery.

While in all the above cancers, initial symptoms may not look serious, being vigilant of any unusual signs and undergoing routine screenings after the age of 30 is a way to empower yourself and make informed health choices. For women, routine screenings like pap smears and pelvic exams are vital for the early detection of gynaecologic cancers, when they are most treatable.  For those with any family members diagnosed with cancers or a history of known genetic predispositions to cancers, advanced genetic tests can identify increased risks and guide personalised care.

Additionally, while genetic diagnostic tests can provide valuable insights into a person’s health, understanding and acting on those test results requires guidance from healthcare experts and genetic counsellors. Genetic counselling is an essential part of the process, which helps patients and families understand genetic risks, potential outcomes, make informed decisions, and receive the required medical and emotional support.

Empowering women with knowledge about their genetic and reproductive health is a crucial step toward proactive, preventive care. By integrating advanced diagnostics with supportive counselling, we can help individuals better understand their risks and treatment options. In the fight against gynaecological cancers, early awareness and action can make all the difference. Ultimately, by prioritising women's health, we foster the well-being of communities and pave the way for healthier futures.

The author, Dr Prashanth Bagali, is the Head of Scientific Affairs, at MedGenome.

[Disclaimer: The information provided in the article, including treatment suggestions shared by doctors, is intended for general informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.]

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